ta yuqjQfha isÿy;a Wm;g fijK ÿka ft;sydisl i,a .io

iajlSh 20 jeks rdcdNsfIalh ieuÍu i|yd fuhg wjqreÿ 2258 lg fmr ^tkï l%s' mQ' 245 §& lms,jia‌;= k.rfha ÆïìKs i,a Whkg meñKs O¾udfYdal uy rc;=ud isoaOd¾: l=udfrda;am;a;sh isÿjQ ia‌:dkfhys fi,a,smshla‌ iys; ia‌:ïNhla‌ msysgqjk ,o nj bkaÈhdkq ckm%jdofha wdjo

 1896 jk;=re ta ia‌:dkh ljr ;ekl ;sfnkafka o hkak u;fNaohg ;=vq§ ;sìKs' thg fya;=j 1885 -95 w;r ld,h ;=< bkaÈhdfõ jhUÈ. m%foaYj, mqrdúoHd lghq;= ms<sn| wëla‍IK ks,Odßhd fyj;a Archiological Surveyor f,i lghq;= l< c¾uka cd;sl wdpd¾h Alois Anton Fuhrer ^wef,dhsia‌ wekagka *r¾& bkaÿ fkamd, foaY iSudj wi,ska fl<jrla‌ ke;sj lms,jia‌;=mqr .Kkdjla‌u fidhdf.k ;sîuh' O¾udfYdal rc;=ud lms,jia‌;=jg tk úg;a isoaOd¾: l=udfrda;am;a;sh isÿù jir ;=kaishhla‌ muK bla‌u f.dia‌ ;sìKs'

 idudkH ms<s.ekSug wkqj isÿy;a l=udrhd bm§ ;snqfKa l%s' mQ' 623 iy 340 w;r ld,h ;=<h' fï w;r tu Wm; l%s' mQ' 527 § isÿjQ njgo Tmamq fkdl< u;hla‌ úh' isÿy;a l=urd Wm; ,enQ jir fidhd.; yels kï l=udrhdKka jykafiaf.a Wmka Èkh fidhd .ekSu b;d f,fyish' ukao h;a Wm; isÿù ;snqfKa fjila‌ fmdfydh ojil ksidh' fï ishÆ lreKq i,ld isÿy;a l=ure Wmka Èkh f,i l%s' mQ' 527 uehs ui 27 f,i .Kkh lsÍug we;eï b;sydi l;d ldrfhda mqreÿj isáhy'

wdpd¾h wef,dhsia‌ *r¾ jhUÈ. bkaÈhdfõ mqrdúoHd lghq;= ms<sn| ks, m;aùu 1885 § ,enqjo Tyq bkaÈhdkq mqrdúoHd la‌fIa;%fha lghq;= lrkafka Bg fmr isgh' 1885 g fmr bkaÈhdfõ fkamd,h wi, Basti kue;s Èia‌;%sla‌lfha msysá Bhuila dih kue;s .fï lms,jia‌;= mqrh f,i y÷kd.;a ;ekla‌ úh' fï y÷kd .ekSug uq,aù ;snqfKa ckm%jdo iuQyhls' 1889 § fï u;hg wNsfhda. l< wdpd¾h wf,dhsia‌ *r¾" lms,jia‌;=j f,i y÷kd.;a wÆ;a m%foaYhla‌ 1892 § bÈßm;a lf<ah' rdï k.¾ kue;s th msysgd ;snqfKa bkaÈhdfõ W;a;¾ m%foaYa m%dka;fha mssysá nrKeia‌ kd.ßl fldÜ‌Gdih ;=<h' Tyq tys leŒï isÿlr jd¾;djla‌ bÈßm;a lf<ah' yßhgu jirlg miq Bhuiadih .fï lms,jia‌;=j .ek oerE ;u woyi fjkia‌ lr.;a Tyq bkaÿ fkamd, foaYiSudfõ ldka;dr m%foaYhl msysá Bairat ^nhsrd;a& .fï msysá lms,jia‌;=jla‌ fidhdf.k wfYdal rc;=ud úiska msysgqjk ,o ft;sydisl ia‌:ïNh tys ;sfnk nj lSfõh' tu ia‌:ïNh u; fi,a,smshla‌o" fldgd we;s njg Tyq jd¾;djla‌" ilia‌ lf<ah' ia‌:ïNh msysá bvu Okj;a bvï ysñhl= jQ cia‌lrka isx kue;a;dg wh;ah' Tyq wdpd¾h wf,daishia‌ *r¾f.a ñ;%hl= nj;a cia‌lrka isxg lS¾;shla‌ ,nd §u i|yd wdpd¾h *r¾ wfYdal ia‌:ïNh .ek l;dj f.;+ nj;a miqj me;sr .sfhah' fuhg wjqreÿ 150 lg fmr fkamd,fha ldka;dr m%foaYhl mqrdjia‌;=jla‌ we;s nj W.;a hqfrdamSh mqrdúoHd{hl= úiska jd¾;d lrk ,o l,ays tys w. uq, ne,Su i|yd kjÈ,a,sfha isá n%s;dkH m%;srdchd ldka;drhg hefï isß;la‌ ;snqfKa ke;' we;a;u l;dj jQfha wdpd¾h *r¾ tu ia‌:ïNh fyda fi,a,smsh yeneyska oel fkd;sîuh' Tyq ;u Okj;a ñ;%hd úYajdi lr Tyq lS foa mßÈ ia‌:ïNh .ek jd¾;dj ilid ;sìK' ia‌j,am l,lg miq ia‌:ïNh ne,Su i|yd ;u ñ;=rdf.a bvug .sh wdpd¾h *r¾g ;dreld úis úh' bvfï kslïu kslï .,a lKqjla‌ ;snQ w;r tys wmeyeÈ,s i,l=Kq lssysmhla‌ ñi lsisÿ fi,a,smshla‌ fkdùh' isoaêh l%ufhka hgm;a ùug bvy, wdpd¾h *r¾" fkamd,fha ÿr neyer .ula‌ jQ Nigliâ m%foaYfha § lms,jia‌;=jla‌ iy isÿy;a l=uref.a Wm; fjkqfjka wfYdal rcq msysgjQ ia‌:ïNhla‌ hEhs lshk .,a lKqjla‌ fidhd .;af;ah' fidhd .kakd l,ays th ìug my;a ù folg leã ;snqKs' ta u; fi,a,smshla‌ jQ kuq;a tys i|yka jQfha isÿy;a l=ure .ek fkdj fldaKd.u nqÿka .ekh' th wfYdal ia‌:ïNhu nj *r¾ ;rfha lshd isáho f.!;u nqÿka .ek ñi fldakd.u nqÿka .ek i|yka lrkakg wfYdal wêrdcHhdg lsisÿ ´kElula‌ ;sfnkakg we;s nj;a fkdfmfkk ksid tu woyio ksIam%N úh' fkamd, mqrd úoHd{hka msßilf.a n,j;a mßY%uhl m%;sM,hla‌ f,i wo ;sfnk ÆïìKsh fidhd.kq ,nkafka 1896 §h' jyd t;ekg .sh wdpd¾h *r¾ tys ;kd ;snQ uyd udhd foaúhf.a úydria‌:dkhg iy ;snQ ienE wfYdal ia‌:ïNhg lr ;nd b;sydi fmd;g ish ku we;=<;a lr .;af;ah' t;ekaisg isÿy;a l=ure ìysjQ kshg ;ek f,i wfYdal ia‌:ïNh w÷kd .;ay'

tfy;a isoaOd¾: l=udrhd Wmka ;ek f,i wfYdal ia‌:ïNh msysá ;ek i,lk ,oafoa 1997 § ÆïìKs i,a Whfka msysá Èh fmdl=Kl kgnqka fidhd .kakd;=re muKs' tu fmdl=K" uydudhd foaúh isoaOd¾: l=udfrda;am;a;shg ia‌j,am fudfyd;lg fmr ia‌kdkh l< ;ekhs' ia‌kdkfhka miq fmdl=Kska ksla‌fuk isÿy;a ud;dj mshjr y;la‌ bÈßhg f.dia‌ i,a w;a;la‌ w,a,df.k ù¾hh f.k l=urd m%iQ; l< njg jd¾;d ;sfí' 

fï wkqj fmdl=fKa isg mshjr y;la‌ i,l=Kq l< mqrdúoHd{hka msßila‌ fmdl=K jgd leŒula‌ isÿl<y' túg wä 15 la‌ muK fmd<j hg ;snQ .,a i,l=Kla‌ Tjqkag yuqúh' isÿy;a l=ure Wmka ksje/È ia‌:dkh th nj wo ms<s.ekSuh'

thska miqj leŒï kej;=fka ke;' tx.,ka;fha Durham úYajúoHd,fhka meñKs uydpd¾hjrhl= jQ Robin Canningham& ^frdìka lksxyeï& iy msßila‌ miq.sh i;sfha§ leŒï iuQyhla‌ lr wÆ;a lreKla‌ fy<slr .;af;ah' tkï ÆïìKsfha uydudhd foaú úydrfha kgnqka hg jvd;a me/Ks úydria‌:dkhl kgnqka ;sfnk njh' fï ms<sn| f;dr;=re Journal Antiquity kue;s lS¾;su;a mqrdúoHd;aul m%ldYkfha m¾fhaIK jd¾;djla‌ f,i m<lr ;sfí' fuu leŒï i|yd wruqo,a imhd ;snqfKa cmka rch;a fkamd, rch;a iqm%lg keIk,a ðfhd.%e*sla‌ iÕrdj iy tu kñkau hq;= rEmjdysks fiajdj;a wh;a tx.,ka;fha National Geograpic Society wdh;khhs'

fujr fidhd.;a úydria‌:dkh iïmQ¾K oejfhka ksujk ,oaols' th úYd, ueo ñÿ,la‌ ;snQ mkai,la‌ úh hq;= nj frdìka fldkskayeï f.a u;h fõ' iuyr úg fï ueo ñÿf,ys ;sfnkakg we;af;a uyd udhd foaúh úiska isÿy;a l=ure m%iQ; lsÍu i|yd ù¾hh .ekSug w,a,d.;a i,a w;a; ;snQ .i úh yelsh' ta nj ;yjqre flfrk mdIdKsNQ; uq,a iuQyhla‌o leŒïj,§ yuqù ;sfí' ft;sydisl i,a.i yuqùu jkdyS b;sydih" ckm%jdoh" úYajdi iy weoys,s hkdÈh kùk úoHdj iu. tlÕ;djlg m;ajQ wjia‌:djla‌ nj uydpd¾h fldksxyeï lshhs' isÿy;a ;jqid nqoaO;ajhg m;a nqoaO.hdj" nqÿka jykafia m%:u O¾u foaYkdj l< idrdkd;a" Wkajykafia mßks¾jdKhg iu jeÿKq l=iskdrdj ;rugu ÆïìKs i,a Whk iy fmrlS i,a.i jeo.;a jk nj uydpd¾h fldksxyeï fmkajd fohs'

lms,jia‌;=j foõoy kqjr iy mqia‌;ßks fmdl=K

fkamd,fha msysá hqfkia‌flda f,dal Wreuhla‌ jk udhd foaú úydria‌:dkh" uydudhd foaúh isysm;a lrkq i|yd ÆïìKs i,a Whfkys f.dvkxjk ,oafoa fuhg jir 2563 lg fmr l%s'mQ' 550 § h' udhd kñka fojÕkla‌ o yskaÿ wd.fï isák w;r weh uydudhd foaúh iu. mg,jd .; hq;= ke;' udhd fojÕkg lemjqKq fofjd,la‌ bkaÈhdfõ W;a;¾ldkaoa m%dka;fha yßoajd¾ k.rfhys ;sfí' fuh l%s'j' 1100 § msysgqjk ,oaols'

fkamd,fha ÆïìKs i,a Whk ;=< udhd foaú úydrh wdikakfhys mqia‌;ßks kue;s fmdl=Kla‌ msysgd we;' isoaOd¾: l=udfrda;am;a;shg ia‌j,am fj,djlg fmr uydudhd foaúh ia‌kdkh l< fmdl=K fuh h' fuu fmdl=K fmfkk udkfhys lms,jia‌;= ud<s.fhys kgnqka oel.; yelsh' ÆïìKsh msysgd we;af;a lms,jia‌;= iy foõoykqjr w;rueo h' kQ;k ÆïìKsh ie;mqï 1 m<, ie;mqï 4 la‌ È. m%foaYhls' j¾. ie;mqï 4 la‌ muK jQ fuu NQñ m%udKh ;=< wla‌lr 2800 lg wdikak bvï ixhq;shla‌ we;' ÆïìKsh YqoaO k.rhla‌ jk w;r th ;=< bme/Ks úydrdrdu iy ix>drdu msysgd ;sfí' fuys lsisÿ wdldrhl jdKsc f.dvkeÕs,a,la‌ ;ekSu ;ykï h' f(rjdo" uydhdk" ;ka;%hdk fn!oaO fldgia‌j,g wod< ix>drdu fuys we;'

fï ta i,a .i ;uhs

wdpd¾h frdìka fldksxyeï

wdpd¾h frdìka fldksxyeï tx.,ka;fha v¾yeï iriúfha iudc úoHd yd iudc fi!LH ms<sn| wOHk wxYfha Wml=,m;s yd v¾yeï iriúfha mqrd úoHd wxYfha uydpd¾h jrfhla‌o fõ'

fn!oaO f,dalh tfl<s l< ÆïìKs kj fidhd .ekSï fufyh jQ mqrdúoHd{hd wdpd¾h fldksxyeïh'

ud úYajdi lrkjd fï yuqjkafka isoaOd¾: l=udfrda;am;a;sh fudfydf;a tu ia‌:dkfha meje;s ft;sydisl i,a.i fuh nj' tfyu lshkak wmg idOkSh fya;= ;sfnkjd' fudlo ft;sydisl idOl wkqj fï jf.a mqrdK mia‌ ia‌:rhl fjk jDla‍Ihla‌ ;sfnkak úêhla‌ keye' fï .ek ksYaÑ;ju lsj yela‌fla úoHd;aul ld,ks¾Khlska muKhs' fï mqrdK oej fldgia‌ u;" Bg Wäka .fvd,a f.dvkeÕs,a,la‌ yuqfjkjd' ,xldfõ jf.au bkaÈhdfõ;a uyd úydr wdrdu bÈlsÍfï§ jeä jYfhka Ndú;d lf<a oej' wfkl mqrdK uyd úydr iïm%odfha f.dvkeÕs,sj, ,Sj,ska wdjrKh l< ìïuy,a mej;s,d ;sfnkjd' fï yuqjkafka ta jdia‌;= úoHd iïm%odfha f.dvkeÕs,a,la‌ nj wm úYajdi lrkjd'
wkqr fid,ukaia‌